Idea for compact, coordinated, if/elif/else syntax: ascii? say "It's ascii" iso-8859-1? say "It's iso-8859-1" Test for the previous expression being a ?, then you don't have to have the if/elif/else problem! Then otherwise might be a better keyword, but else can probably do the job just as well. ascii? say "It's ascii" iso-8859-1? say "It's iso-8859-1" else say "Unknown encoding" Seems pretty good. -- Sean B. Palmer, inamidst.com